Lesson Six

Model Sentences

Díi uu k'wíidang.
I'm the one who is hungry.

Dáng jáas kangáagang.
Your sister is sleepy.

Vocabulary

Strong-B Pronouns
`díi`	I
`dáng`	you
`'láa`	he/she
`íitl'`	we
`daláng`	y'all
`tl'áa`	people (in general)

Personal Nouns
`díi dáa`	my brother (of a female)
`díi jáas`	my sister (of a male)
`díi dúun`	my younger sibling of the same sex
`díi k'wáay`	my older sibling of the same sex
`díi náat`	my nephew/niece
`díi náat íihlangaas`	my nephew
`díi náat jáadaas`	my niece
`díi t'ak'an`	my grandchild
`díi t'ak'an íihlangaas`	my grandson
`díi t'ak'an jáadaas`	my granddaughter

Intransitive-B Verbs
`xwíigang`	feels cold
`k'wíidang`	is hungry
`kangáagang`	is sleepy
`gíihlgiigang`	is ready, finished

Notes

1) Here in Lesson Six we are learning two new sentence patterns. The first pattern has a noun subject, followed by the focus marker, followed by an Intransitive-B verb. This is the subject focus version of sentence pattern 1C, so we call it Pattern 1C + Subject Focus (or 1C-SF for short).

Sentence Pattern 1C + Subject Focus
Subject	Focus Marker	Predicate
Noun Phrase	`uu`	Intransitive-B Verb

Here are some examples of this pattern, with the Intransitive-B verb «st'igáng» "is sick".

Subject	Focus Marker	Predicate
`Díi jáa`	`uu`	`st'igáng.`	My wife is the one who is sick.
`Frank`	`uu`	`hlkwiidáang.`	Frank is the one who is in a hurry.
`Íitl' skáan`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	Our aunt is the one who feels cold.
`Jaatgáay`	`uu`	`kangáagang.`	The women are the ones who are sleepy.

The second new sentence pattern is Pattern 1D + Subject Focus (or 1D-SF for short). Here we still have an Intransitive-B verb in the predicate, but now we have a pronoun in focus position. Since the verb in Intransitive-B, we know the pronoun must come from the B set and not the A set; and since it is in focus position and not immediately next to the verb, we know it must be a Strong-B pronoun and not a Weak-B pronoun.

Sentence Pattern 1D + Subject Focus
Subject	Focus Marker	Predicate
Strong-B Pronoun	`uu`	Intransitive-B Verb

Here are some examples of Pattern 1D-SF, using several different Intransitive-B verbs.

Subject	Focus Marker	Predicate
`Díi`	`uu`	`st'igáng.`	I am the one who is sick.
`Dáng`	`uu`	`hlkwiidáang.`	You are the one who is in a hurry.
`'Láa`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	He/she is the one who feels cold.
`Íitl'`	`uu`	`kangáagang.`	We are the ones who are sleepy.
`Daláng`	`uu`	`k'wíidang`	Y'all are the ones who are hungry.

Note the differences in the following pairs of sentences -- the first built following Pattern 1D, the second following Pattern 1D-SF.

1D	`Díi`		`xwíigang.`	I feel cold.
1D-SF	`Díi`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	I am the one who feels cold.

1D	`Dáng`		`xwíigang.`	You feel cold.
1D-SF	`Dáng`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	You are the one who feels cold.

1D	`Hal`		`xwíigang.`	He/she feels cold.
1D-SF	`'Láa`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	He/she is the one who feels cold.

1D	`Íitl'`		`xwíigang.`	We feel cold.
1D-SF	`Íitl'`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	We are the ones who feel cold.

1D	`Daláng`		`xwíigang.`	Y'all feel cold.
1D-SF	`Daláng`	`uu`	`xwíigang.`	Y'all are the ones who feel cold.

As we noted earlier, the pronoun «tl'/tl'áa» typically does not occur in focus position.

The table below shows all four sets of pronouns we have learned.

	Weak-A	Strong-A	Weak-B	Strong-B
I	`hl`	`hláa`	`díi`	`díi`
you	`dáng`	`dáa`	`dáng`	`dáng`
he/she	`hal`	`'láa`	`hal`	`'láa`
we	`t'aláng`	`t'aláng`	`íitl'`	`íitl'`
y'all	`daláng`	`daláng`	`daláng`	`daláng`
people	`tl'`	`tl'áa`	`tl'`	`tl'áa`

Note that there are no new forms among the Strong-B pronouns -- each of the pronouns has a form that we have already seen in one of the other three sets.

2) In Haida, men and women refer to their siblings in subtly different ways. If a woman has an older sister, she will refer to her as «díi k'wáay». If she has a younger sister, she will refer to her with the phrase «díi dúun». If she has a brother, she will refer to him as «díi dáa», regardless of whether he is older or younger than her.

The pattern for men is quite similar. If a man has an older brother, he will refer to him as «díi k'wáay», while he will refer to a younger brother as «díi dúun». If he has a sister, he will refer to her as «díi jáas», regardless of whether she is older or younger than him.

3) The phrase «díi t'ak'an» means "my grandchild", of either sex. If you want to be more specific, you can add «íihlangaas» or «jáadaas». The same pattern holds for «díi náat», which means "my nephew/niece". Note that English doesn't have a simple, single term that covers both nephews and nieces in the way that Haida does.

Using What You Know

Complete each of the following exercises before moving on to the review of Lessons 1-6.

	Drill Type	Instructions
Exercise 6-A	Vocabulary Match	Choose the English translation that best matches the Haida word.
Exercise 6-B	Vocabulary Match	Choose the Haida translation that best matches the English word.
Exercise 6-C	Sentence Match	Choose the English translation that best matches the Haida sentence.
Exercise 6-D	Sentence Match	Choose the Haida translation that best matches the English sentence.
Exercise 6-E	Fill in the Blank	Provide the missing word to compete the Haida sentence.
Exercise 6-F	Translation	Provide the English translation of the Haida sentence.
Exercise 6-G	Translation	Provide the Haida translation of the English sentence.

Review Lessons 1-6 <> Lesson Index <> Haida Language Mainpage
Last Updated: 15 April 2004